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<p>A null-terminated multibyte string (NTMBS), or "multibyte string", is a sequence of nonzero bytes followed by a byte with value zero (the terminating null character).
</p>
<p>Each character stored in the string may occupy more than one byte. The encoding used to represent characters in a multibyte character string is locale-specific: it may be UTF-8, GB18030, EUC-JP, Shift-JIS, etc. For example, the char array <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xe4</span>'</span>,<span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xbd</span>'</span>,<span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xa0</span>'</span>,<span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xe5</span>'</span>,<span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xa5</span>'</span>,<span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xbd</span>'</span>,<span class="st0">'<span class="es5">\0</span>'</span></span></span>} is an NTMBS holding the string <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"你好"</span></span></span> in UTF-8 multibyte encoding: the first three bytes encode the character 你, the next three bytes encode the character 好. The same string encoded in GB18030 is the char array <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xc4</span>'</span>, <span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xe3</span>'</span>, <span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xba</span>'</span>, <span class="st0">'<span class="es2">\xc3</span>'</span>, <span class="st0">'<span class="es5">\0</span>'</span></span></span>}, where each of the two characters is encoded as a two-byte sequence.
</p>
<p>In some multibyte encodings, any given multibyte character sequence may represent different characters depending on the previous byte sequences, known as "shift sequences". Such encodings are known as state-dependent: knowledge of the current shift state is required to interpret each character. An NTMBS is only valid if it begins and ends in the initial shift state: if a shift sequence was used, the corresponding unshift sequence has to be present before the terminating null character. Examples of such encodings are BOCU-1 and SCSU.
</p>
<p>A multibyte character string is layout-compatible with null-terminated byte string (NTBS), that is, can be stored, copied, and examined using the same facilities, except for calculating the number of characters. If the correct locale is in effect, I/O functions also handle multibyte strings. Multibyte strings can be converted to and from wide strings using the <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">codecvt</span></span> member functions, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">wstring_convert</span></span>, or the following locale-dependent conversion functions:
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td>
<div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="multibyte.html%23Multibyte.2Fwide_character_conversions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Multibyte/wide character conversions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="multibyte.html%23Types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="multibyte.html%23Macros"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Macros</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="multibyte.html%23See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Multibyte/wide character conversions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Multibyte.2Fwide_character_conversions">Multibyte/wide character conversions</span>
</h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mblen.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mblen"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mblen</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   returns the number of bytes in the next multibyte character <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mbtowc.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbtowc"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbtowc</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts the next multibyte character to wide character <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/wctomb.html" title="c/string/multibyte/wctomb"> <span class="t-lines"><span>wctomb</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts a wide character to its multibyte representation <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mbstowcs.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbstowcs"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbstowcs</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts a narrow multibyte character string to wide string <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/wcstombs.html" title="c/string/multibyte/wcstombs"> <span class="t-lines"><span>wcstombs</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts a wide string to narrow multibyte character string <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;wchar.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mbsinit.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbsinit"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbsinit</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   checks if the mbstate_t object represents initial shift state <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/btowc.html" title="c/string/multibyte/btowc"> <span class="t-lines"><span>btowc</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   widens a single-byte narrow character to wide character, if possible <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/wctob.html" title="c/string/multibyte/wctob"> <span class="t-lines"><span>wctob</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   narrows a wide character to a single-byte narrow character, if possible <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mbrlen.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrlen"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbrlen</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   returns the number of bytes in the next multibyte character, given state <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mbrtowc.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrtowc"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbrtowc</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts the next multibyte character to wide character, given state <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/wcrtomb.html" title="c/string/multibyte/wcrtomb"> <span class="t-lines"><span>wcrtomb</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts a wide character to its multibyte representation, given state <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mbsrtowcs.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbsrtowcs"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbsrtowcs</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts a narrow multibyte character string to wide string, given state <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/wcsrtombs.html" title="c/string/multibyte/wcsrtombs"> <span class="t-lines"><span>wcsrtombs</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   converts a wide string to narrow multibyte character string, given state <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;uchar.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div><a href="multibyte/mbrtoc16.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrtoc16"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbrtoc16</span></span></a></div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   generate the next 16-bit wide character from a narrow multibyte string  <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div><a href="multibyte/c16rtomb.html" title="c/string/multibyte/c16rtomb"> <span class="t-lines"><span>c16rtomb</span></span></a></div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   convert a 16-bit wide character to narrow multibyte string <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div><a href="multibyte/mbrtoc32.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrtoc32"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbrtoc32</span></span></a></div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   generate the next 32-bit wide character from a narrow multibyte string <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div><a href="multibyte/c32rtomb.html" title="c/string/multibyte/c32rtomb"> <span class="t-lines"><span>c32rtomb</span></span></a></div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   convert a 32-bit wide character to narrow multibyte string <br> <span class="t-mark">(function)</span> 
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span>
</h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;wchar.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="multibyte/mbstate_t.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbstate t"> <span class="t-lines"><span>mbstate_t</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   conversion state information necessary to iterate multibyte character strings <br> <span class="t-mark">(class)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;uchar.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div><a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" class="new" title="c/string/multibyte/char16 t (page does not exist)"> <span class="t-lines"><span>char16_t</span></span></a></div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   16-bit character type  <br> <span class="t-mark">(typedef)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div><a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" class="new" title="c/string/multibyte/char32 t (page does not exist)"> <span class="t-lines"><span>char32_t</span></span></a></div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   32-bit character type  <br> <span class="t-mark">(typedef)</span> 
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Macros">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Macros">Macros</span>
</h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;limits.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div>MB_LEN_MAX</div></div>
</td>
<td>   maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character  <br> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div>MB_CUR_MAX</div></div>
</td>
<td>  maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character in the current C locale<br><span class="t-mark">(macro variable)</span> 
</td>
</tr>

<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code>&lt;uchar.h&gt;</code> </div>
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div>__STDC_UTF_16__</div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   indicates that UTF-16 encoding is used by <span class="t-lc"><a href="multibyte/mbrtoc16.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrtoc16">mbrtoc16</a></span> and <span class="t-lc"><a href="multibyte/c16rtomb.html" title="c/string/multibyte/c16rtomb">c16rtomb</a></span>  <br> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td>
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</td>
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<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div">
<div>__STDC_UTF_32__</div>
<div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td>   indicates that UTF-32 encoding is used by <span class="t-lc"><a href="multibyte/mbrtoc32.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrtoc32">mbrtoc32</a></span> and <span class="t-lc"><a href="multibyte/c32rtomb.html" title="c/string/multibyte/c32rtomb">c32rtomb</a></span>}  <br> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td>
</tr>

</table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span>
</h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see">
<span><a href="../../cpp/string/multibyte.html" title="cpp/string/multibyte">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Null-terminated multibyte strings</span></span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>

</table>

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